Assalamualaikum, readers! Thank you for visiting our humble and respectful blog! For those who are from our department, we are sure that you would know or have an idea or two about this blog. But, as for those who have just stumbled across our blog and wondered around what is this blog for, let us give you a quick introduction of who we are and our objectives of being here.
♥ ♥ All
About US ♥ ♥
We are consists of four group members who are Nur Diyana Amalina Bt. Mohd Abdul Wahab, Izzati Bt. Mohd Zakuan, Husmaida Bt. Ahmad Yudian and Aizat Mahfuzah Bt.Saleh. We are undergraduate students from the Department of English Language and Literature (DELL) of the International Islamic University of Malaysia or also known as IIUM . This blog is actually the combination of writings from four of us.This blog has been specially created for our course titled Computer Application in Language Studies (CALL) or code titled ENGL 4740 . Therefore, we are basically English major students who are studying the use of computers and technology in language study. This blog is a required project for the entire semester, where we will be completing specific tasks given by our respected lecture. This blog is a place where we can create our creativity and critical thinking skills by applying the Islamization of Knowledge on one of the linguistic themes.
Our theme: Islamization of Critical Discourse Analysis
Why Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)? Well, a lot of the students have conception that this subject is very critical subject. Since there is "Critical" word in the course title. First and foremost, we choose this subject because it is easy for us to relate with Islamic perspectives.
Secondly, we want to share our knowledge and understanding not only for English students but also from other departments and kulliyah. We hope our blog can be accessible to all readers and open up their mind on what we are learning in this subject. We hope that all readers can understand what is Islamization and insert it in daily life. Insyaallah!
Do not afraid to share your knowledge. It is because knowledge is great when you get to share it around. From the bottom of our heart, please excuse us from any shortage or misinterpreted information on our blog. We as human are bound to make mistakes.
Hope all the readers will spent their time and enjoy reading our blog! =) Thank you. Wassalam!
What is CDA?
For our respective blog, one main topic that we want to focus here is about the Islamization of Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical discourse analysis, as the name suggests; it needs us to critically analyze discourses. We need to extract the internal meanings and recognize the significance of any sentences. This is because, people tend to speak around the bush, leave hints and use similarities when approaching some sensitive issues. Hence, by only looking at the surface of it will not give the listener or reader the main intention of the speaker.
Mostly, the discourses that will be analysed are related to political speeches either spoken or written because among all speakers, political figures are the one mostly who will speak relatively different from what they meant to say. They show and maintain their power by manipulating others with coercion, hegemony and their ideologies.
Therefore, for this time being; we will analyze discourses and relate them from the Islamic perspective. How the coercion, hegemony and ideology are brought forth by the speaker and to what limit does it allowed in Islam. How are the impacts of these upon citizen? Do they bring benefits or the other way around? All these shall be answered and discussed by us. Insyaallah.
Mostly, the discourses that will be analysed are related to political speeches either spoken or written because among all speakers, political figures are the one mostly who will speak relatively different from what they meant to say. They show and maintain their power by manipulating others with coercion, hegemony and their ideologies.
Therefore, for this time being; we will analyze discourses and relate them from the Islamic perspective. How the coercion, hegemony and ideology are brought forth by the speaker and to what limit does it allowed in Islam. How are the impacts of these upon citizen? Do they bring benefits or the other way around? All these shall be answered and discussed by us. Insyaallah.
Generally, Critical Discourse Analysis or CDA focus on the areas of ideology, hegemony and dominance. In this assignment, sufficient data need to be included to justify the explanation based on speech transcriptions. A speech transcriptionz of two political leaders worldwide are being analyzed using the areas of ideology, hegemony and dominance. Hillary Clinton and Benazir Bhutto are two different persons who have different sets of ideology, dominance and hegemony on women’s right. Link of speech transcriptions: Famous speeches.
What are their ideologies, coercion and hegemony ?
Hillary Clinton's main ideology is women as a part of the
communities who are seeking humanities to listen to their voices. She wants women around
the world to break their silence. In her speech, she also focused on the
current issues which occurred around the world which is the violation of
human’s right especially upon women. She believes that women should have the
rights in education and work. Even in Islam, Allah already gave this authority
toward women over years ago. Yet, today's society still wants to oppress women
for certain reasons. That's Clinton's idea pertaining to this issue.
“Never will I allow the loss of the work of any worker amongst
you, male or female; you are of one another.” (3:195)
This verse shows that reward is given to people's action and not
one's gender. Gender does not play any role in receiving reward. Allah S.W.T
judges human beings based on their actions. We can take another example like
the action of Eve and Adam's act. Islam dismisses the idea that Eve is the one
who to be blamed for eating the forbidden tree. Islam believes that Adam and
Eve are sinned for not following Allah's commandment. Since
Clinton comes up with the women's right in education issue, we want to emphasize
that both men and women are equally encouraged to seek knowledge. As
Prophet Muhammad S.A.W said, “Education is compulsory for every
Muslim.” According to a saying of Prophet Muhammad, it is obligatory for
both genders to acquire knowledge. If we look at his saying, we found that he
used "Muslim" as referring to people. Thus, Muslim here refers to
both male and female. (Jamal Badawi, Gender Equity in Islam)
“Violation
of human rights” was
being emphasized so many times in her speech. Hillary Clinton stressed out that
women’s right should not be separated from human rights. It should be treated
equally because women are human too. She used lots of hegemony words “violation”. Based
on the content, Hillary Clinton shows that women’s right has been abused by
other people. Women did not get their rights and become the victim of world’s
refugee especially in slavery, education and others. They become the “prize
in war” as stated in her speech. Besides that, there are
coercion words in her speech that give hope and support for women. She spoke on
behalf of women around the world and wanted people to look at her as a role
model. As in examples; “Speaking to you today, I speak for them, just as each of us
speaks for women around the world….” and “I have met new mothers in
Jogjakarta, Indonesia…”. Hillary Clinton has involved with World Health
Organization to help people who is in need. She gave her experienced on how
women around the world try to sacrifice and stand on their own for their family
to survive. Therefore, she does not want other women to feel discourage and
lost hope. She wants women to stay strong and fight for their rights as human.
Due to injustice, the
plight of women and a
scar of a long and lonely battle have
become coercion in her speech. Coercion gave deep impact to the audience. It is
because plight, scar and battle are
commonly used in war in order to get justice or rights. Every battle will leave
injuries or memories which includes bad and good ones. She has strong will to
change the difficulty in coercion “I
am determined”. Her
ideology about women as the potential to the gigantic task of nation building
made women realized their role. It is because women can contribute to society
with full potential. Women are known to be multitasking. It is proven in
her speech, “I am determined to
harness their potential to the gigantic
task of nation building”.
There are lots of differences in Hillary Clinton speech and
Benazir Bhutto speech. Different background, race and nationality can be the
factors of different way in convey speeches and messages to audience. Although
they convey the same issue which is women, the method they used are contradict.
Other than that, Hillary Clinton used lots of hegemony words such as we, our and us compared to
Benazir Bhutto. For examples, “We come together in
fields and in factories”, “Our goals for this
Conference…” and “…..there is far more than unites us than divides us”. On the other hands,
Benazir Bhutto used I, my and me several
times in her speech. In our point of view, Hillary Clinton tends to be more
humble while Benazir Bhutto tends to show her power since she is the first
woman to head an Islamic nation. Both of them have different position in
political power.
Lastly, Benazir Bhutto
speech is controversial because she portrays men as dictatorship and tyranny in
her country compared to Hillary Clinton who only points out women issues around
the world. It is because Benazir Bhutto has the highest ranking in political power
while Hillary Clinton is a Secretary of State. Benazir Bhutto stated in her
speech, “The will our
people prevailed against the
forces of dictatorship”.
The words that were used in the sentence are directed towards men and Benazir
Bhutto does not show any fear in her speech. She is very bold and cunning
person.Women
is not the only person who should be protected; young girls are part of it too.
In some countries, young girls become the key victims of human trafficking due
to their gender. Therefore, Hillary Clinton tends to alert people that
something has to be done because it involves underage children and children
need to be sheltered. Although she keeps using women as the main topic, she
still includes girls in her speech in order for people to realize the danger
that not everyone knows. In her speech, “instrument of armed
conflict” was used to show that rape issues among women are like toy and not
taken seriously by others. She believed that every woman in this world should
be treated with respect and dignity.
This issue is really
controversial. Even in modern world, female is still being ill treated by
societies around the globe. Imagine, over 1400 years ago, women were ill
treated and were used as property. Women carried no status at all. But, Islam tells
that every woman should be well treated. People should be informed that women
have a very important place in Islam. Personally, we noticed
that although Islam gives women rights, but, Muslims do not. And that is why we
always hear about women are being abused.
Hillary Clinton used a lot of hegemony words in her speech such
as; women, I, us, we and etc.
She puts herself in the situation because she is a woman too. She shows
everyone that she is concerned about gender bias happening around her. For examples; “Even
today, there are those who are trying to silence our words” and “We need to understand that
there is no formula for how women should lead their lives”. She
wants women around the world to hear her messages and challenge themselves to
have their own rights. It is not only for them but also for their generations,
their children. She wants women to believe that she will always support and
help them. As for Benazir Bhutto, her main ideology is the role of women in
Islamic religion. She connects her speeches on women with the ethos of Islam. It
is proven in her speech transcription where she used lots of hegemony words
which are Islam, religion and women. She also used coercion
words to show her religion has given her priority such as empowered, strengthened and emboldened. In
example, “It is this tradition of Islam that has empowered me, has strengthened me, has emboldened me”.
Women struggle alone
against discrimination and exploitation is
one of the ideologies she conveyed in her speech. She believed that women are
the victims of male dominance, dictatorship and tyranny. Coercion words such
as culture of exclusion, oppression, discarded, injustice, sidelined and inferior
members show that women have no equal rights
in society. Benazir Bhutto emphasized it her discussion; “Women
became the victims of a culture
and male dominance”. She used the
word culture which
can be interpreted as norms in the society. Firstly, Hillary Clinton
and Benazir Bhutto came from different religious background. Hillary Clinton
did not use any religious speech in her discussion but Benazir Bhutto did use
it. In every sentence, Islam will be used in her discussion.
She believes that Islam thought us to be equal with different gender. Hillary
Clinton used coercion “come together” to show unity of
women rather than Christianity in her discussion. She treats everyone the same
and creates the bonding of sisterhood. There is no racism in her
discussion. Secondly, Hillary Clinton speech is more general while Benazir
Bhutto only focused to her country. It means Hillary Clinton spoke for women
around the world and Benazir Bhutto worried about women in her country. “I want to speak up for mothers who are fighting for
good schools, safe neighborhoods, clean air and clean airwaves…” is the example of
Hillary Clinton speech. The word mothers can be generalized as
women, girls and older women around the world. As for Benazir Bhutto, she did
emphasize about her country. For example, “It is a national catastrophe
for my nation….”. The word nation refers
to her country, Pakistan.
After analyzing the both political leaders’ speech transcriptions,
there is similarity portrayed among both parties. Hegemony words such
as an American, my nation, my own country and the woman of Pakistan show that both
parties are proud of their nationality. Hillary Clinton said, “As an American, I want to speak up for
women in my own country”. Although her speech is general, she still
worried about women in her country but do not really emphasized it compared to
Benazir Bhutto. Benazir Bhutto started her speech with Islamic
nation and ends it with I dream of Pakistan. Generally, Pakistan is
one of the Islamic countries. Therefore, the whole speeches are about her
country and the role of women in Pakistan.
Hillary Clinton's main ideology is women as a part of the
communities who are seeking humanities to listen to their voices. She wants women around
the world to break their silence. In her speech, she also focused on the
current issues which occurred around the world which is the violation of
human’s right especially upon women. She believes that women should have the
rights in education and work. Even in Islam, Allah already gave this authority
toward women over years ago. Yet, today's society still wants to oppress women
for certain reasons. That's Clinton's idea pertaining to this issue.
“Never will I allow the loss of the work of any worker amongst
you, male or female; you are of one another.” (3:195)
This verse shows that reward is given to people's action and not
one's gender. Gender does not play any role in receiving reward. Allah S.W.T
judges human beings based on their actions. We can take another example like
the action of Eve and Adam's act. Islam dismisses the idea that Eve is the one
who to be blamed for eating the forbidden tree. Islam believes that Adam and
Eve are sinned for not following Allah's commandment. Since
Clinton comes up with the women's right in education issue, we want to emphasize
that both men and women are equally encouraged to seek knowledge. As
Prophet Muhammad S.A.W said, “Education is compulsory for every
Muslim.” According to a saying of Prophet Muhammad, it is obligatory for
both genders to acquire knowledge. If we look at his saying, we found that he
used "Muslim" as referring to people. Thus, Muslim here refers to
both male and female. (Jamal Badawi, Gender Equity in Islam)
“Violation
of human rights” was
being emphasized so many times in her speech. Hillary Clinton stressed out that
women’s right should not be separated from human rights. It should be treated
equally because women are human too. She used lots of hegemony words “violation”. Based
on the content, Hillary Clinton shows that women’s right has been abused by
other people. Women did not get their rights and become the victim of world’s
refugee especially in slavery, education and others. They become the “prize
in war” as stated in her speech. Besides that, there are
coercion words in her speech that give hope and support for women. She spoke on
behalf of women around the world and wanted people to look at her as a role
model. As in examples; “Speaking to you today, I speak for them, just as each of us
speaks for women around the world….” and “I have met new mothers in
Jogjakarta, Indonesia…”. Hillary Clinton has involved with World Health
Organization to help people who is in need. She gave her experienced on how
women around the world try to sacrifice and stand on their own for their family
to survive. Therefore, she does not want other women to feel discourage and
lost hope. She wants women to stay strong and fight for their rights as human.
Due to injustice, the
plight of women and a
scar of a long and lonely battle have
become coercion in her speech. Coercion gave deep impact to the audience. It is
because plight, scar and battle are
commonly used in war in order to get justice or rights. Every battle will leave
injuries or memories which includes bad and good ones. She has strong will to
change the difficulty in coercion “I
am determined”. Her
ideology about women as the potential to the gigantic task of nation building
made women realized their role. It is because women can contribute to society
with full potential. Women are known to be multitasking. It is proven in
her speech, “I am determined to
harness their potential to the gigantic
task of nation building”.
There are lots of differences in Hillary Clinton speech and
Benazir Bhutto speech. Different background, race and nationality can be the
factors of different way in convey speeches and messages to audience. Although
they convey the same issue which is women, the method they used are contradict.
Other than that, Hillary Clinton used lots of hegemony words such as we, our and us compared to
Benazir Bhutto. For examples, “We come together in
fields and in factories”, “Our goals for this
Conference…” and “…..there is far more than unites us than divides us”. On the other hands,
Benazir Bhutto used I, my and me several
times in her speech. In our point of view, Hillary Clinton tends to be more
humble while Benazir Bhutto tends to show her power since she is the first
woman to head an Islamic nation. Both of them have different position in
political power.
Lastly, Benazir Bhutto
speech is controversial because she portrays men as dictatorship and tyranny in
her country compared to Hillary Clinton who only points out women issues around
the world. It is because Benazir Bhutto has the highest ranking in political power
while Hillary Clinton is a Secretary of State. Benazir Bhutto stated in her
speech, “The will our
people prevailed against the
forces of dictatorship”.
The words that were used in the sentence are directed towards men and Benazir
Bhutto does not show any fear in her speech. She is very bold and cunning
person.Women
is not the only person who should be protected; young girls are part of it too.
In some countries, young girls become the key victims of human trafficking due
to their gender. Therefore, Hillary Clinton tends to alert people that
something has to be done because it involves underage children and children
need to be sheltered. Although she keeps using women as the main topic, she
still includes girls in her speech in order for people to realize the danger
that not everyone knows. In her speech, “instrument of armed
conflict” was used to show that rape issues among women are like toy and not
taken seriously by others. She believed that every woman in this world should
be treated with respect and dignity.
This issue is really
controversial. Even in modern world, female is still being ill treated by
societies around the globe. Imagine, over 1400 years ago, women were ill
treated and were used as property. Women carried no status at all. But, Islam tells
that every woman should be well treated. People should be informed that women
have a very important place in Islam. Personally, we noticed
that although Islam gives women rights, but, Muslims do not. And that is why we
always hear about women are being abused.
Hillary Clinton used a lot of hegemony words in her speech such
as; women, I, us, we and etc.
She puts herself in the situation because she is a woman too. She shows
everyone that she is concerned about gender bias happening around her. For examples; “Even
today, there are those who are trying to silence our words” and “We need to understand that
there is no formula for how women should lead their lives”. She
wants women around the world to hear her messages and challenge themselves to
have their own rights. It is not only for them but also for their generations,
their children. She wants women to believe that she will always support and
help them. As for Benazir Bhutto, her main ideology is the role of women in
Islamic religion. She connects her speeches on women with the ethos of Islam. It
is proven in her speech transcription where she used lots of hegemony words
which are Islam, religion and women. She also used coercion
words to show her religion has given her priority such as empowered, strengthened and emboldened. In
example, “It is this tradition of Islam that has empowered me, has strengthened me, has emboldened me”.
Women struggle alone
against discrimination and exploitation is
one of the ideologies she conveyed in her speech. She believed that women are
the victims of male dominance, dictatorship and tyranny. Coercion words such
as culture of exclusion, oppression, discarded, injustice, sidelined and inferior
members show that women have no equal rights
in society. Benazir Bhutto emphasized it her discussion; “Women
became the victims of a culture
and male dominance”. She used the
word culture which
can be interpreted as norms in the society. Firstly, Hillary Clinton
and Benazir Bhutto came from different religious background. Hillary Clinton
did not use any religious speech in her discussion but Benazir Bhutto did use
it. In every sentence, Islam will be used in her discussion.
She believes that Islam thought us to be equal with different gender. Hillary
Clinton used coercion “come together” to show unity of
women rather than Christianity in her discussion. She treats everyone the same
and creates the bonding of sisterhood. There is no racism in her
discussion. Secondly, Hillary Clinton speech is more general while Benazir
Bhutto only focused to her country. It means Hillary Clinton spoke for women
around the world and Benazir Bhutto worried about women in her country. “I want to speak up for mothers who are fighting for
good schools, safe neighborhoods, clean air and clean airwaves…” is the example of
Hillary Clinton speech. The word mothers can be generalized as
women, girls and older women around the world. As for Benazir Bhutto, she did
emphasize about her country. For example, “It is a national catastrophe
for my nation….”. The word nation refers
to her country, Pakistan.
After analyzing the both political leaders’ speech transcriptions,
there is similarity portrayed among both parties. Hegemony words such
as an American, my nation, my own country and the woman of Pakistan show that both
parties are proud of their nationality. Hillary Clinton said, “As an American, I want to speak up for
women in my own country”. Although her speech is general, she still
worried about women in her country but do not really emphasized it compared to
Benazir Bhutto. Benazir Bhutto started her speech with Islamic
nation and ends it with I dream of Pakistan. Generally, Pakistan is
one of the Islamic countries. Therefore, the whole speeches are about her
country and the role of women in Pakistan.
